“Measurement is the first step that leads to control and eventually to improvement.  If you can’t measure something, you can’t understand it.  If you can’t understand it, you can’t control it.  If you can’t control it, you can’t improve it.”  

H. JAMES HARRINGTON

Scientific and Clinical Research tells us..

BodyMOT Systems Research

Stress

• World Health Organisation Research
• BAKER, S.R. and WILLIAMS, K., 2001. Relation between social problem-solving appraisals, work stress and psychological distress in male firefighters. Stress & Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 17(4), pp. 219-229.
• PHILLIPS, A., GALLAGHER, S. and CARROLL, D., 2009. Social Support, Social Intimacy, and Cardiovascular Reactions to Acute Psychological Stress. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 37(1), pp. 38-45.
• SCANLAN, T.K. and LEWTHWAITE, R., 1984. Social Psychological Aspects of Competition for Male Youth Sport Participants: I. Predictors of Competitive Stress. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6(2), pp. 208-226.
• UCHINO, B.N., CARLISLE, M., BIRMINGHAM, W. and VAUGHN, A.A., 2011. Social support and the reactivity hypothesis: conceptual issues in examining the efficacy of received support during acute psychological stress. Biological psychology, 86(2), pp. 137-142.

 Metabolic Typing 

• CLARKE, D., EDGAR, D., HIGGINS, S. and BRAAKHUIS, A., 2008. Physiological analysis of the metabolic typing diet in professional rugby union players. New Zealand Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(2), pp. 42-47.
• KULKARNI, S.S., SALEHZADEH, F., FRITZ, T., ZIERATH, J.R., KROOK, A. and OSLER, M.E., 2012. Mitochondrial regulators of fatty acid metabolism reflect metabolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism: Clinical And Experimental, 61(2), pp. 175-185.
• PING-DELFOS, W. and SOARES, M., 2011. Diet induced thermogenesis, fat oxidation and food intake following sequential meals: influence of calcium and vitamin D. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 30(3), pp. 376-383.
• PRADHAN, A., 2007. Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes: Inflammatory Basis of Glucose Metabolic Disorders. Nutrition reviews, 65, pp. S152-S156.
• TREMBLAY, A. and CHAPUT, J., 2009. Adaptive reduction in thermogenesis and resistance to lose fat in obese men. The British journal of nutrition, 102(4), pp. 488-492.

 Sleep Deprivation 

• BABSON, K.A., TRAINOR, C.D., FELDNER, M.T. and BLUMENTHAL, H., 2010. A test of the effects of acute sleep deprivation on general and specific self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms: an experimental extension. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(3), pp. 297-303.
• KAHN-GREENE, E., KILLGORE, D.B., KAMIMORI, G.H., BALKIN, T.J. and KILLGORE, W.D.S., 2007. The effects of sleep deprivation on symptoms of psychopathology in healthy adults. Sleep medicine, 8(3), pp. 215-221.
  KAIDA, K., ÅKERSTEDT, T., TAKAHASHI, M., VESTERGREN, P., GILLBERG, M., LOWDEN, A., KECKLUND, G. and PORTIN, C., 2008. Performance prediction by sleepiness-related subjective symptoms during 26-hour sleep deprivation. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 6(4), pp. 234-241.

You are WHAT and WHEN you eat

• BELZA, A., FRANDSEN, E. and KONDRUP, J., 2007. Body fat loss achieved by stimulation of thermogenesis by a combination of bioactive food ingredients: a placebo-controlled, double-blind 8-week intervention in obese subjects. International Journal Of Obesity (2005), 31(1), pp. 121-130.
• BIANCHI, C., MICCOLI, R., BONADONNA, R.C., GIORGINO, F., FRONTONI, S., FALOIA, E., MARCHESINI, G., DOLCI, M.A., ALVIGGI, L., GNASSO, A., CONSOLI, A., CAVALOT, F., CAVALLO, M.G., LEONETTI, F., GIACCARI, A. and DEL PRATO, S., 2011. Metabolic syndrome in subjects at high risk for type 2 diabetes: the genetic, physiopathology and evolution of type 2 diabetes (GENFIEV) study. Nutrition, Metabolism, And Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD, 21(9), pp. 699-705.
• BLAAK, E.E., HUL, G., VERDICH, C., STICH, V., MARTINEZ, J.A., PETERSEN, M., FESKENS, E.F.M., PATEL, K., OPPERT, J.M., BARBE, P., TOUBRO, S., POLAK, J., ANDERSON, I., ASTRUP, A., MACDONALD, I., LANGIN, D., SØRENSEN, T. and SARIS, W.H., 2007. Impaired Fat-induced Thermogenesis in Obese Subjects: The NUGENOB Study. Obesity (19307381), 15(3), pp. 653-663.
  CHOO, J.J., 2003. Green tea reduces body fat accretion caused by high-fat diet in rats through beta-adrenoceptor activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 14(11), pp. 671-676.
• EDWARDS, K.L., WAN, J.Y., HUTTER, C.M., PUI, Y.F. and SANTORICO, S.A., 2011. Multivariate Linkage Scan for Metabolic Syndrome Traits in Families With Type 2 Diabetes. Obesity (19307381), 19(6), pp. 1235-1243.
• HUDDLESTON, J.E., 2011. Circadian rhythms: I'm not fat, I just need more sleep. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 12(5), pp. 282-282.
• LANGENDONK, J.G., PIJL, H., TOORNVLIET, A.C., BURGGRAAF, J., FRÖLICH, M., SCHOEMAKER, R.C., DOORNBOS, J., COHEN, A.F. and MEINDERS, A.E., 1998. Circadian rhythm of plasma leptin levels in upper and lower body obese women: influence of body fat distribution and weight loss. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 83(5), pp. 1706-1712.
• MAES, M., 2008. The cytokine hypothesis of depression: inflammation, oxidative & nitrosative stress (IO&NS) and leaky gut as new targets for adjunctive treatments in depression. Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 29(3), pp. 287-291.
  MAES, M. and LEUNIS, J., 2008. Normalization of leaky gut in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is accompanied by a clinical improvement: effects of age, duration of illness and the translocation of LPS from gram-negative bacteria. Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 29(6), pp. 902-910.

Fungus and Pa rasites 

• EL-TAWIL, A., 2012. Zinc supplementation tightens leaky gut in Crohn's disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 18(2), pp. E399-E399.
• FASANO, A., 2012. Leaky gut and autoimmune diseases. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 42(1), pp. 71-78.
• HOLLANDER, D., 2002. Crohn's disease, TNF-alpha, and the leaky gut. The chicken or the egg? The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97(8), pp. 1867-1868.
• KORT, S., KESZTHELYI, D. and MASCLEE, A.A.M., 2011. Leaky gut and diabetes mellitus: what is the link? Obesity Reviews, 12(6), pp. 449-458.
• MANAHAN, B., 2004. A brief evidence-based review of two gastrointestinal illnesses: irritable bowel and leaky gut syndrome. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 10(4), pp. 14-14.
• SCHAFER, T.W. and SKOPIC, A., 2007. Parasites of the small intestine. Current infectious disease reports, 9(1), pp. 60-68.
• STEFANSKI, W., 1965. [Bacterial Flora as One of the Ecologic Factors Determining the Localization of Parasites in the Intestine of their Host]. Wiadomości Parazytologiczne, 11, pp. 98-102.
  STURNIOLO, G.C., DI LEO, V., FERRONATO, A., D'ODORICO, A. and D'INCÀ, R., 2001. Zinc supplementation tightens "leaky gut" in Crohn's disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 7(2), pp. 94-98.

MyTrainingPartner.com

• Using health games to improve exercise behavior and rehabilitation Organizer: Deborah L. Feltz, Michigan State University. 2011. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, , pp. S20-S22.
• GREENLEAF, C., 2007. Social Relationships in Exercise Settings: The Benefits of Exercising Together. ACSM Fit Society Page, , pp. 4-5.
• MADDUX, J.E., 1997. Habit, health, and happiness. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19(4), pp. 331-346.

USANA Health Sciences Research

In addition to conducting countless clinical studies in-house, USANA scientists often collaborate with respected universities and research centers to ensure our formulations remain on the cutting-edge of nutritional science and to test the effectiveness of our products in helping consumers achieve optimal health.

Universities

USANA has partnered with a number of universities to conduct research studies, including the University of Utah, Boston University, and the University of Sydney. In early 2008, USANA announced the results of a large, third-party clinical study completed at the University of Colorado Denver, which confirmed that lifestyle changes involving diet, supplementation, and exercise, can improve metabolic syndrome (Wyatt HR, et al).

Specific university research sponsored by USANA includes:

• Ball SD, Keller KR, Moyer-Mileur LJ, Ding YW, Donaldson D, Jackson WD. Prolongation of satiety after low versus moderately high glycemic index meals in obese adolescents. 2003. Pediatrics 111:488-94.
• Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin Se, Rabovsky A, Symons JD, Jalili T. Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. 2007. J Nutr 137:2405-11.
• Greene DA, Naughton GA. Calcium and vitamin-D supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal female identical twins: a randomised controlled trial. 2010. Osteoporosis International, in review.
• Moyer-Mileur LJ, Xie B, Ball SD, Pratt T. Bone mass and density response to a 12-month trial of calcium and vitamin D supplement in preadolescent girls. 2003. J Musculoskel Neuron Interact 3(1):63-70.
• Shenouda SM, Hamburg NM, Holbrook M, Chung W, Caiano T, Duess MA, Kluge M, Chernyshev V, Tabit C, McKinnon T, Wood T, Cuomo J, Dixon B, Eich N, Vita JA. Chronic Study of the Effect of Grape Seed Extract plus Ascorbic Acid on Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease p. 104. 2010. Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism Conference, and 50th Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Annual Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.
• Wolinsky LE, Cuomo J, Quesada K, Bato T, Camargo PM. A comparative pilot study of the effects of a dentifrice containing green tea bioflavonoids, sanguinarine or triclosan on oral bacterial biofilm formation. 2000. J Clin Dent 11(2):53-9.
• Wyatt HR, Ogden LG, Cassic KS, Hoagland EA, McKinnon T, Eich N, Chernyshev V, Wood T, Cuomo J, Hill JO. Successful internet-based lifestyle change program on body weight and markers of metabolic health. 2009. Obesity and Weight Management 5(4):167-73.

Linus Pauling Institute

In 2007, USANA announced a 10-year partnership with the Linus Pauling Institute (LPI). Based at Oregon State University, LPI is one of the nation’s first two Centers of Excellence for Research on Complementary and Alternative Medicine designated by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The Linus Pauling Institute conducts research based on the idea that a balanced and nutritious diet is the key to optimal health. USANA works closely with LPI to explore new products and ingredients and conduct extensive studies on the health benefits associated with key nutrients.

LPI papers, abstracts, and presentations supported by USANA include:

• Barker T, Leonard SW, Hansen J, Trawick RH, Ingram R, Burdett G, Lebold K, Walker JA, Traber MG. Vitamin E and C supplementation does not ameliorate muscle dysfunction following anterior cruciate ligament surgery. 2009. Free Radic Biol Med 47:1611-8.
• Barker T, Leonard SW, Martins TB, Trawick RH, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Traber MG. Cytokine alteration following antioxidant supplementation and anterior cruciate ligament surgery. 2009. American College of Sports Medicine, Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 41:5 (Supplement).
• Barker T, Leonard S, Trawick RH, Martins TB, Hill HR, Traber MG. The influence of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on circulating inflammatory cytokines following anterior cruciate ligament surgery. 2008. Free Radical Summer School, Spetses, Greece.
• Barker T, Leonard SW, Trawick RH, Martins TB, Kjeldsberg CR, Hill HR, Traber MG. Modulation of inflammation by vitamin E and C supplementation prior to anterior cruciate ligament surgery. 2009. Free Radic Biol Med 46:599-606.
• Barker T, Leonard SW, Trawick RH, Martins TB, Kjeldsberg CR, Hill HR, Walker JA, Traber MG. The supplementation of vitamins E and C modulate the relationship between circulating mediators of muscle weakness but not limb strength following anterior cruciate ligament surgery. 2009. Diet and Optimum Health Conference, Portland, OR.
• Barker T, Leonard SW, Trawick RH, Walker JA, Traber MG. Antioxidant supplementation lowers circulating IGF-1 but not F2-isoprostanes immediately following ACL surgery. 2009. Redox Report 14:221-6.
• Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Trawick RH, Leonard SW, Walker JA, Traber MG. Antioxidants induced cytokine alterations indicative of a better prognosis after ACL surgery. 2010. FASEB J 24:535.7.
• Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Trawick RH, Leonard SW, Walker JA, Traber MG. Vitamin E and C supplementation modulates cytokine associations after ACL surgery indicative of a better prognosis. 20XX. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, in review.
• Barker T, Traber MG. Does Vitamin E and C Supplementation Improve the Recovery from Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery?. 20XX. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, in review.
• Bemer B, Krueger SK, Orner GA. Sulindac pharmacokinetics. The role of flavin-containing monooxygenases. 2008. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Summer Internship Presentation, Oregon State University, September 26.
• Johnson S, Hagen TM. Changes in Acute Human Plasma Glutathione Levels Following Lipoic Acid Supplementation. 2009. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Summer Internship presentation, Oregon State University, September 24, 2009, and Center for Health Aging Research Life Scholars presentation, Oregon State University, October 14, 2009.
• Jubert C, Mata J, Bench G, Dashwood R, Pereira C, Tracewell W, Turteltaub K, Williams D, Baily G. Effects of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin on low-dose aflatoxin B1 pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. 2009. Cancer Prevention Research 2(12):1015-22.
• Kesinger NG, Langsdorf BL, Yokochi AF, Miranda CL, and Stevens JF. Formation of a vitamin C conjugate of acrolein and its paraoxonase-mediated conversion into 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4-oxooctanal. 2010. Chem Res Toxicol 23:836-44.
• Leonard SW, Barker T, Mustacich DJ, Traber MG. Measurement of vitamin K homologues in biological fluids and tissues by APCI LC/MS. 2009. Diet and Optimum Health Conference, Portland, OR.
• Leonard SW, Barker T, Mustacich DJ, Traber MG. Measurement of vitamin K homologues in biological fluids and tissues by APCI LC/MS. 2010. Experimental Biology, Anaheim, CA.
• Leonard SW, Barker T, Taylor AW, Traber MG. APCI LC-MS quantitation of vitamin K in the plasma of anterior cruciate ligament surgery patients. 20XX. Analytical Biochemistry, in review.
• Michels AJ, Dickinson BC, Chang CJ, Frei B. Generation of H₂O₂ by ascorbate auto-oxidation: possible implications for cancer therapy. 2010. Society for Free Radical Biology and Medicine Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL.
• Peluso MR, Miranda CL, Hobbs DJ, Proteau RR, Stevens JF. Xanthohumol and related prenylated flavonoids inhibit inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-activated THP-1 monocytes: structure-activity relationships and in silico binding to myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2). 2010. Planta Med 76:1536-43.
• Song Y, Chung CS, Bruno RS, Traber MG, Brown KH, King JC, Ho E. Dietary zinc restriction and repletion affects DNA integrity in healthy men. 2009. Am J Clin Nutr 90:321-8.
• Song Y, Chung CS, Bruno RS, Traber MG, Brown KH, King JC, Ho E. Zinc status affects DNA damage and oxidative stress in healthy adult men. 2009. FASEB J 23:216.1. (Yang Song won the Young Investigator award with the American Society of Nutrition for this work.)
• Song Y, Ho E. Effects of zinc deficiency on DNA damage, oxidative stress and oxidant defense in peripheral blood. 2008. FASEB J 22:A697.
• Traber MG, Barker T. Vitamins E and C in ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) Injury. 2009. 3rd International Symposium; Nutrition, Oxygen Biology and Medicine. Paris, France.
• Yilmazer-Musa M, Tucker AM, Frei B. Inhibition of a-amylase and a-glucosidase activity by bioflavonoids: implications for carbohydrate metabolism and type-2 diabetes mellitus. 2010. Society for Free Radical Biology and Medicine Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL.

The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital (TOSH)

USANA and The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital (TOSH) began formal research collaboration in 2009, though an informal research partnership existed since 2007. TOSH is a leading facility for orthopedic surgical care, rehabilitation, physical therapy, sports performance training, and nutrition counseling. In addition, TOSH has an extensive research program that includes orthopedic surgery, sports medicine, exercise physiology, sports biomechanics, physical therapy, occupational therapy, athletic sports performance training, and nutrition. Working in close collaboration with scientists, doctors, therapists and students, TOSH works to develop a better understanding of factors that affect human performance, the risk of injury to sports participants of all ages and levels, and optimal medical interventions to help get individuals back to their healthiest as quickly as possible.

TOSH papers, abstracts, and presentations supported by USANA include:

• Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Trawick RH, Leonard SW, Walker JA, Traber MG. Vitamins E and C Modulate the Association Between Reciprocally Regulated Cytokines After an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Surgery.  2011. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mar 22. [Epub ahead of print].
• Barker T, Dixon BM, Schneider ED, Weaver LK. Smaller concentration-supplementation slopes at a higher vitamin D treatment dose. (20XX). Experimental Biology, in review.
• Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, Dixon BM, Schneider ED, Weaver LK. Different doses of supplemental vitamin D mediate disparate cytokine responses. (20XX). To be submitted.
• (Certain papers were published in collaboration with both TOSH and LPI scientists.  For sake of brevity, these papers are listed only in the LPI section.)
• Barker T, Traber MG. Does Vitamin E and C Supplementation Improve the Recovery From Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery? 2011. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 16(2): 114-128. http://chp.sagepub.com/content/16/2/114.abstract

Glycemic Index Foundation

A collaboration between the University of Sydney, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation of Australia, and Diabetes Australia—the Glycemic Index Foundation (GIF) backs the GI Symbol Program in Australia. The GI Symbol Program is the only independent worldwide GI certification program requiring foods meet a number of criteria to prove they are a healthy choice within their food group. All USANA Foods carry the GI Symbol in Australia, and all testing data quality has been verified by the GIF.